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Majority of the Supreme Federal Court overturned decisions in favor of links with apps

At least seven members of the Federal Supreme Court (STF) have already denied employment relationships between workers and ride-hailing or delivery app platforms in either single-judge or panel decisions. These positions indicate that the companies may prevail in the dispute, which will be analyzed in its general repercussions—as the justices decided in a judgment concluded Friday in the Virtual Plenary.

In these decisions, generally issued in complaints, the justices overturned Labor Court rulings or decisions that had recognized the employment relationship. They argued that this violated Supreme Court case law in similar cases, such as the one that validated outsourcing in all stages of the production process, whether as a means or an end (ADPF 324).

Justices Gilmar Mendes, Cristiano Zanin, Alexandre de Moraes, Luiz Fux, Nunes Marques, and Dias Toffoli have already ruled against the employment relationship in single-judge decisions. Justice Cármen Lúcia also followed suit, but in a collegiate decision. She supported the rapporteur in a 1st Panel session that denied a driver's employment relationship with Cabify, which no longer operates in Brazil (Rcl 64018).

Justice Nunes Marques, when overturning a labor decision against the delivery app Moovery, found that "no concrete evidence was provided to indicate an abusive contracting exercise with the intent to defraud the existence of an employment relationship." Thus, he stated, "the contested decision is at odds with the guidance of this Court established in the ruling on ADPF 324" (RCL 60741).

In total, 15 complaints on the topic were located between July 2023 and February of this year, mapped by the Research and Extension Center "Work beyond Labor Law" at the University of São Paulo (USP), in partnership with the National Association of Labor Court Judges (Anamatra). The study was shared exclusively with Valor.

Guilherme Guimarães Feliciano, coordinator of the research center and judge of the 1st Labor Court of Taubaté, São Paulo, acknowledges that the Supreme Federal Court's decisions have so far been unfavorable to drivers and delivery personnel, but nothing prevents a change in understanding. He argues that, in the general repercussions, the outsourcing theory should not be applied.

– Clarissa Lehmen “Tenho dúvidas da aderência estrita do julgado [na ADPF 324] nos casos das plataformas, porque elas não são meras intermediadoras entre consumidor e prestador de serviço. Isso tem caído por terra no mundo inteiro”, afirma ele, acrescentando que o ideal seria o Supremo, em caso de negar o vínculo de emprego, não afastar a competência da Justiça do Trabalho para analisar fatos e provas em casos concretos em que possa existir fraude da relação contratual, por ferir o artigo 9º da Consolidação das Leis do Trabalho (CLT).

While the Supreme Federal Court (STF) has yet to issue a final ruling on the matter, the lower and lower courts of the Labor Court have sided with the companies. Employment relationships have been recognized in only 10.26% of the cases judged (2,653), according to a survey by the jurimetrics firm Data Lawyer, released exclusively to Valor. Currently, there are 25,800 pending cases, with a total value of R$3.36 billion.

Decisions that admit all workers' requests (fully admissible) represent only 1% (258) of the total. These cases are added to those that are partially admissible, which so far amount to 9.26% (2,395). Those that deny the employment relationship (7,132) represent 27.69% of the total. 29.94% (5,182) are still pending judgment.

The number of settlements in lawsuits is high: in 29.55% of cases (7,639), negotiations were reached between the company and the driver or delivery person. In the case that reached the Supreme Federal Court (STF) and was heard last week to determine the overall repercussions, Uber attempted to negotiate, but the Superior Labor Court (TST) did not approve it. The understanding was that the company was, in fact, seeking to avoid creating unfavorable precedent.

At the Superior Labor Court (TST), according to the agency's survey, 60% of cases involving platforms brought before the justices between 2019 and February 2024 involve the recognition of employment relationships with workers. All panels have already expressed their views, but the opinions are evenly divided: while the 1st, 4th, 5th, 7th, and 8th panels denied employment relationships, the 2nd, 3rd, 6th, and 8th panels recognized them.

De acordo com o advogado que assessora a Cabify e outros aplicativos no STF, Daniel Chiode, do Chiode Minicucci Advogados | Littler, o TST tende a reconhecer o vínculo na Seção de Disssídios Individuais -1 (SDI-1). “Por isso passamos a adotar a estratégia de levar a discussão diretamente para o Supremo, em reclamações. E agora a Uber resolveu entrar com o recurso extraordinário para que seja decidido em repercussão geral e seja adotado em todos os processos”, diz. No STF, afirma Chiode, já existe uma tendência a favor das plataformas. “Essas decisões decorrem do próprio entendimento já consolidado do STF em reconhecer outras formas de contratação, baseadas na legislação civil. É preciso admitir que o trabalhador de 1942 [época da edição da CLT] é muito diferente do de 2024”, afirma. A melhor forma de solucionar esse impasse, segundo o advogado, seria a elaboração de uma lei que construísse um diálogo entre as partes. Ainda que exista uma norma, acrescenta, esse julgamento no STF pode servir de parâmetro. Ele lembra que o acordo costurado com o governo trata apenas de motoristas de aplicativo – não fala dos entregadores. Segundo o advogado Eymard Loguercio, do LBS Advogados, que assessora trabalhadores, estamos diante de um paradoxo, que poderá ser melhor enfrentado pelo STF na repercussão geral. “Nas reclamações, os ministros aplicam precedentes genéricos sobre terceirização e outras formas jurídicas de trabalho que foram reguladas”, diz ele, acrescentando que não caberia aplicar o precedente de terceirização. “Aqui se trata de modelos de negócios que pretendem fugir de suas responsabilidades sociais.” Para Clarissa Lehmen, do escritório Trench Rossi Watanabe, mesmo com a decisão do STF, o importante seria uma regulamentação para a categoria pelo Congresso. “Em vários lugares do mundo, a regulamentação têm buscado dar amparo com a proteção da saúde do trabalhador e estabelecer um seguro acidente”, diz. Em nota, a Associação Brasileira de Mobilidade e Tecnologia (Amobitec), admitida como parte interessada na ação da Uber em repercussão geral, diz que o entendimento contra o vínculo de emprego “vem sendo manifestado há anos por outras instâncias do Poder Judiciário, que firmaram jurisprudência consistente sobre a relação dos parceiros com os aplicativos”. Cita, como exemplo, julgados do STJ, TST e STF. E acrescenta que atua por uma regulamentação para a categoria.

Article originally published on March 4, 2024 in Folha de S. Paulo.

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